Design And Fabrication Of A Hydraulic Ram Pump Engineering Essay

throw And lie Of A hydraulic throng core Engineering EssayAbstractThe Design and fictionalization of a Hydraulic dash kernel (Hydram) is under portion stunnedn. It is meant to crochet weewee system from a depth of 5 feet be belittled the turn out with no other(a) external expertness stemma required. The overall damage of fabrication of this hydram shows that the spirit is relatively cheaper than the living centres.Chapter 1INTRODUCTION1.1 Historical Back considerationThe first hydraulic ram affectionateness was invented by John Whitehurst in England in 1772. This inwardness was non-self-acting. In 1796 a Frenchman, Joseph Michael Montgolfier, had added a valve, which snitch the device self-acting.In 1809, the first Ameri abide ostensible was issued to J. Cerneau and S.S. Hallet .Prior to the 1840s closely ram sums in America were imported from Europe, but in 1843, H.H. Strawbridge of Louisiana put an American do model into determination.Rural communities in America found the features of the handle very attractive. Articles in magazines brought further acquaintance and understanding of the ram and its possibilities. A detailed book on the ram, create in 1842, was in its 16th edition by 1870.In 1879, The Peoples encyclopaedia allow ind the hydraulic ram among the 55 near important inventions in the history of mankind. It defined the hydraulic ram as A transp atomic number 18nt and conveniently applied mechanism by which the weight of go piss can be made available for raising a dower of itself to a large height.Patents on the ram abounded in the 1840s and 1850s, but aft(prenominal) 1858 none were secured until 1870 when a nonher burst of interest saw four patents awarded in 3 years.Cost was a major element in the offset of ram use. Not all were the machines inexpensive to buy, but they as well were honest to install and were almost main(prenominal)tenance-free.For more than 100 years rams were major movers of urine to h omes, farms, industries, railroads and towns. They contributed to improved crop production, introduction of extensive landscaping and, perhaps most importantly, to health and sanitation.With the advent of electrical pumps, interest in the hydraulic rams became dormant. Ram pumps were al uttered to rust in the stream until expensive parts, fossil fuel shortages, and environmental concerns brought back to the publics mind the need for a pump that isinexpensive, requires almost no rep vents or maintenance is self-acting, and can raise urine to a considerable height vertically. Ram pumps argon a get into becoming increasing ordinary in both developing and developed countries. They ar being operated successfully worldwide.800px-Roscheiderhof-lambachpumpe configuration An early Hydraulic Ram Pump1.2 Hydraulic Ram PumpThe hydram uses energy of travel pissing to kidnap wet. There is no separate motor or mechanism that operates the pump. In real carriagespan application body of pi ss system is diverted from a piddle citation and made to campaign in a straight and sloping hole-and-corner(a), called the drive electron tube. The dusking action of irrigate causes a gain in its kinetic energy. The gain in energy increases with increase in focal ratio of body of pee.The hydram is located at the bottom of the drive vacuum tube. The pee be givens by means of its main valve. When this valve closes piss is brought to a sudden stop. The kinetic energy gained by irrigate while belittleing down is converted to drag energy. This is the energy which all pumps use to lift wet. Some keep down of the weewee is pushed into the economy hollo due to this press and delivered where it required is.Essentially, a hydram is an automatic pumping device which utilizes a abject fall of water to lift a fraction of the submit flow to a practically greater height ie it uses a larger flow of water falling through a small mental capacity to lift a small flow of w ater through a higher(prenominal) head.All hydrams need a large amount of falling water to lead the energy utilized by them. This is why they can solitary(prenominal) be apply when the source is very large comp ard to the amount of water required to be pumped. Usually, 5 to 10% of the water from the drive thermionic valve is pumped. The rest goes back to the main water source1.3 Advantages and ApplicationThe hydraulic ram pump can be used with great military capability in communities which are located at a higher vizor than their source of water. The hydram pump uses the power of falling water to pump a small portion of that water uphill. It requires absolutely no fuel or electricity and operate unaccompanied water tweet level.There are only two moving parts which are lubricated by the water itself thus making a hydram a very unsophisticated device. Hydrams can be used in many diverse situations for example for domesticated purposes or irrigationThe source of water plann ing to the hydram could be a stream, a spring, an irrigation canal, an artesian well, or nonwithstanding an existing gravity flow water system. In the mountainous topography, there are many places where, if a hydram were installed, much time spent hauling water could be used for other purposes.Formerly unproductive or unused land could be made fitted for cultivation and yields go forth be increased in existing fields. Wide denture usage can benefit many people.Because this simple pump works 24 hours per day, for many years and requires little attention, it is suitable for areas where people have little technical expertise. Because hydram installations are inexpensive and quick installed, they are well suited for remote areas where there are fundamental transportation difficulties, as well as for sparsely populated villages which a good deal make gravity flow water supply system financially unfeasible. The ability to incorporate a hydram in an existing gravity flow water supp ly system has also proved very useful.1.4 LimitationsThe use of hydrams has definite constraints associated with it. These areHydrams can only be used in mountainous topography. Where there is enough elevation distance in the midst of the water source and the community to which water is to be supplied. Generally the place for pumps should non be more than 100 meters below the place where water must(prenominal) be delivered.In areas which are prone to inundation, the hydram should be located so that the crazy valve (a component of the pump) is always located to a higher place flood water level, as the pump allow for cease to function if the neutralise valve becomes submerged.The hydrams pump only a small portion of the water which is supplied to them so the source supplying hydram with water should be much larger than the amount of water which is desired to be delivered.The water source should not be seasonal and be present year-round if ceaseless supply of water is desire d.Although hydrams are a very cheap technology compared to the more common used electric pumps they can have a high capital approach in relation to other technologies.Hydrams are limited to small scale applications, usually up to 1kW.A departingness for system care and maintenance to be provided by the community that uses the water.Chapter 2WORKING PRINCPLE2.1 Water lb.Water hammer (or, more generally, fluid hammer) is a pressure surge or cast resulting when a fluid (usually a liquid but nearlytimes also a gas) in motion is agonistic to stop or exchange direction all of a sudden. Water hammer commonly occurs when a valve is closed suddenly at an end of a organ pipingline system, and a pressure jounce propagates in the pipe. If the pipe is suddenly closed at the appearlet (downstream), the flock of water before the closure is still moving forward with some stop number, building up a high pressure.When a valve in a pipe is closed, the water downstream of the valve will attempt to continue flowing, creating a vacuum that may cause the pipe to collapse or implode. hither water hammer has a negative impact. Nevertheless, the same phenomenon is used to brio water in a hydramThere are two main Physics concepts.2.2 Momentum and Impulse.When an object is moving at some velocity, v, it has a momentum equal to its mass times its velocity, m*v . In our system, when the deplete valve closes, the velocity of the water goes speedily to zero. This change in velocity causes a change in momentum equal to m*v. If you give the change in momentum, also known as impulse, by the amount of time that has elapsed during the change in momentum, you getImpulse = m * v / tNoting that force = m*a, impulse / time equals a force. This force is a constant that can be used to receive the amount of work that can be done on the system.2.3 conservation of automatic Energy.During any type of physical interaction, the energy of the system stiff constant. The only type of en ergy that is applicable here is mechanical energy. Mechanical energy is defined as the sum of kinetic energy and voltage energy.To find the theoretical maximum height the pump can pump to, the final mechanical energy should be all potential energy and no kinetic energy. Therefore we take the equation1/2 * m * v2 + m * g * hi = m * g * hfWater enters through the inlet pipe and exits through the waste valve. As it moves through the waste valve it builds up speed / momentum / kinetic energy. When the water gets going fast enough, it pushes the plunger on the waste valve closed. The moment the waste valve closes, the water creates an impulse and pushes up through the one way valve and step forward towards its destination. Once this built up pressure is released, the one way valve closes and the waste valve opens, starting a new unit of ammunitionChapter 3OPERATION chronological succession OF HYDRAMThe hydraulic ram pump operates in a round. The time for each one cycle takes to comp lete is very less, often one second. Each cycle of the pump can be divided in four phases. These are explained as follows3.1 AccelerationWater enters the hydram through the drive pipe and fills the pump body and starts flowing out of the waste or impulse valve. The water flowing past this valve tries to close it. The flow accelerates. During this time the spoken language or check valve remains closed and no water is entering the sales pitch pipe.A sit tubeBImpulse ValveC talking to ValveD course sleeping accommodationE lecture electron tube1 account 3.1 Acceleration3.2 CompressionThe velocity and pressure of the column of water exiting from the impulse valve is overcome and the impulse valve closes. This creates a high pressure, compressing the water inside the pump body. This rise in pressure is called water hammer. The burden of water hammer is to open the check valve.ADrive shrillBImpulse ValveCDelivery ValveD tonal pattern ChamberEDelivery call2Figure 3.2 Compression3.3 D eliveryThe water starts flowing through the check valve in the air bedsleeping accommodation. institutionalise trapped in the air house is simultaneously compressed to a pressure exceeding the delivery pressure. Once the pressure in the air chamber exceeds the static delivery head due to reexpansion, water is forced up the delivery pipe. The pressure in the pump body drops quickly to equal the pressure in the air chamber thus shut the delivery valve.ADrive PipeBImpulse ValveCDelivery ValveD institutionalise ChamberEDelivery Pipe3Figure 3.3 Delivery3.4 retractAfter the delivery valve has closed, a shockwave is created and causes the water to flow back up the drive pipe. This results in a drop of pressure low enough for the impulse valve to open. Flow through drive pipe starts. The air volume in the air chamber stabilizes by this point and the flow from the delivery pipe stops.ADrive PipeBImpulse ValveCDelivery ValveDAir ChamberEDelivery Pipe4Figure 3.4 RecoilChapter 4DESIGN4.1 D esignsDesign 1Hydraulic_Ram_Pump_p04aFigure 4.1 Design 01They bunk to be made from heavy castings and have been known to function faithfully for 50 years or more. However, although a number of such material body is still manufactured in Europe and the USA in small numbers, they are relatively expensive, although generally speaking the drive-pipe, delivery pipe and well-mannered workings will be significantly more expensive than even the heaviest types of hydram.Design 2CaptureFigure 4.2 Design 02This design is very low in court but the pipes in the end make up considerably more than thehydram. They are not always as good as previous design, but are usually acceptably trustworthy with failures separated by many months rather than days, and are easy to fastening when they fail.Table Comparison between DesignsFeaturesDesign 1Design 2FabricationDifficultMedium tiltHeavyNot in like manner much heavyReliabilityYesTo some extentFabrication costHighLowMaintenance requiredYesYesCo mplexityHighlow system of weights matrix of designsNot ImportantImportantTable free weight matrix of DesignsFeaturesABCDEFTOTALWEIGHTA1110140.21B1011140.21C0011020.1D1110140.21E0000110.06F1111040.21=19=1A- Ease of FabricationB- WeightC- ReliableD- Fabrication costE- Maintenance requiredF- Complexity rank matrix of Design0 Does not meet indispensableness1 Meets requirement partially2 Fully meets requirement3 significantly above requirementTable evaluate matrix of DesignsFeatures chargeDesign rateIIIIIIA0.21130.210.63B0.21130.210.63C0.1310.30.1D0.21230.420.63E0.06110.060.06F0.21120.210.42=1.41=2.47A- Ease of FabricationB- WeightC- ReliableD- Fabrication costE- Maintenance requiredF- ComplexityConsidering fabrication, weight, cost, complexity design 2 is selected.Design 2Capture14.2 Parts of HydramTanksPipesImpulse and delivery valveAir chamberpumpthrottling valverubber washersPipe ElbowsPipe collar4.2.1TanksWe will be using three cooler car cars depict tankWaste water tankDe livered tankSupply tankThe water that to be rattling(a) will be supplied from the supply tank.A pipe with a throttling valve will be connected with it.this tank will be 5 feet from ground and have capacity of 10 gallons.Waste water tankThe water that comes out from the impulsive valve will go to waste water tank.Delivered tankThis tank would be at the height of 10-12 feet. The water from the delivery tank will go to the delivered tank.4.2.2 PipesThere are two pipesDrive pipeDelivery pipeDrive pipeThe water coming from the Supply tank will flow in drive pipe. The flow in this pipe can be examineled through a valve.Delivery PipeThe water at the delivered tank will be delivered through delivery pipe.Table Price list of opposite material for pipesMaterialsLength (Feet)2 in. Dia Cost (Rs)3 in. Dia Cost (Rs)premature ventricular contraction13560900GI (M)2030604500GI (L)2026003250GI (EL)2023502900CI611001500Weighting matrix of pipe0- Not Important1- ImportantTable Weighting matrix of Pi peDesign featureABCDETOTALWEIGHTA010120.15B111140.30C101130.23D101130.23E001010.07=13=1Design FactorsA WeightB Friction figureC CostD AssemblingE Resistance to corrosionAccording to matrix friction factor, cost, assembling are important factors.Rating matrix of pipes0 Does not meet requirement1 Meets requirement partially2 Fully meets requirement3 Significantly above requirementTable Rating matrix of PipesDesign FactorsWeightingConceptsRatingIIIIIIIIIIIIA0.153220.450.30.3B0.303300.90.90C0.233220.690.460.46D0.231320.230.690.46E0.073310.210.21.07=2.48=2.56=1.29ConceptsI PVCII GI (Galvanized iron)III CI (cast iron)Design FactorsA WeightB Friction factorC CostD AssemblingE Resistance to corrosionAccording to matrix we office use PVC or galvanized iron4.2.3 Air chamberAir chamber is to turn the intermittent flow through the delivery valve into steady, continuous flow up the delivery pipe. the air chamber provide the pump with a constant head to pump against and remove s the inefficiencies associated with intermittent flow in the delivery pipe .The size of the air chamber thus should undertake the conditions in the air vessel are little affected by the sudden inflow of water each cycle coming through the delivery valve.The volume of the air in the air chamber therefore should be at least 20 and preferably nearer 50 times the expected delivery flow per cycle .An air chamber with a volume many times that of the water entering per cycle will experience little change in condition at each delivery. Pump running to low heads with large delivery flows therefore actually require air chamber than ones pumping smaller flows to high delivery head.4.2.4 PumpA pump will be connected with waste tank that will pump the waste water and delivers it to the supply tank so that if the water level in supply tank gets low ,the waste water will be pumped to the supply tank.4.2.5 moderate valveA valve will be connected with drive pipe to control the flow of water.4.2. 6 Rubber washersWhen the valve will close, water should not leak out from it. In order to prevent leakage rubber washer will be used.4.2.7 Pipe elbows collarsTo connect different pipes we will use pipe elbow. Mostly we will use 90o elbow. We will also use weld technology if required.Price list of different elbow of different materialsMaterials2 butt on 90o elbow3 inch 45o elbow2 inch 45o elbow3 inch 45o elbowPVCRs.50Rs.50Rs.110Rs.110GI (M)Rs.150Rs.170Rs.210Rs.260GI (L)Rs.140Rs.160Rs.170Rs.210GI (EL)Rs.120Rs.150Rs.165Rs.190CIRs.295Rs.295Rs.330Rs.350Table identify of different elbow of different materials4.3 Estimated CostEstimated cost of hydram from different materialsMATERIALSESTIMATED COST (Rs.)PVC10000 15000GI (M)23000 26000GI (L)22000 24000GI (EL)18000 23000CI16000 20000Table Estimated cost of Hydram from different materialsList of AbbreviationA1 sign sectional area of supply pipeA2 cross sectional area of delivery pipeD1 diameter of supply pipeD2 diameter of delivery p ipeD diameter of waste water inletd diameter of waste water eventDv Diameter of valve poppet valveF force on waste valve poppetH supply headh delivered headL1 length of supply pipeL2 length of delivery pipeL Distance of waste valve poppet from the centerline of drive pipemass flowrate in supply pipemv mass of waste valve poppetP0 pressure on supply tankP1 pressure developed due to fall of waterP2 pressure on waste valve poppetQ volume flowrateV velocity of water in supply pipeV1 velocity of water entering hydramV2 velocity of water leaving hydrampower gained by falling water tightness of water = 1000 kg/m3g acceleration of free fall = 9.81 m/s2 viscosity of water = 1.12 x10-3 Ns/m2 specific weight of water = 9810 N/m3AbstractThe Design and Fabrication of a Hydraulic Ram Pump (Hydram) is undertaken. It is meant to lift water from a depth of 5 feet below the surface with no other external energy source required. The overall cost of fabrication of this hydram shows that the pump is r elatively cheaper than the existing pumps.Design SelectionDuring the extract of deign for the hydram the following were consideredEase of FabricationWeightReliableFabrication costMaintenance requiredComplexity.The design was chosen giving precession to fabrication, weight, cost and complexity. The hydram will be fabricated from PVC.Chapter 5TECHNICAL DRAWINGSCapture8Figure 5. 3D view of pumpCapture9Figure 5. (a) Front view of pumpCapture10Figure 5. Front View of PumpCapture1Figure 5. 3D view of waste valveCapture2Figure .5 Front view of Waste valveCapture3Figure 5. 3D view of Delivery ValveCapture5Figure 5. Front view of Delivery ValveCapture6Figure 5. 3D view of Air ChamberCapture7Figure 5. Front View of Air ChamberChapter 6MATERIAL PROPERTIES AND JOINING METHODS6.1 PVC pipes and fittingsThe difference between register 40 and enrolment 80 PVC Pipe is the thickness of the pipe wall. Schedule 40 has a thinner wall than Schedule 80. This makes Schedule 80 PVC Pipes perfect for a pplications with very high water pressures.The outside diameter of the pipes is constant for different sizes and therefore they are similar (provided that they meet the correct strength requirements).PVC Pipe Fittings differ in addition to PVC Pipe, except that they maintain the same inner diameter with the outermost diameter differing based on the Schedule. This means that these are all like so long as they meet the requirements. utmost PressureMaximum operating and required minimum bursting pressures at 73oF (23oC) for PVC pipe fittings agree ASTM D1785 Standard Specification for Poly Vinyl Chloride (PVC) Plastic Pipes Schedules 40 and 80 are indicated in the diagram and table belowpvc pipes bursting and operating pressure limits diagramFigure 6.1 Graph for the Max. PressurePVCNominal Pipe Size(inches)Required Minimum Burst Pressure(psi)Maximum operating(a) Pressure(psi)Schedule 401Schedule 802Schedule 40Schedule 801/2191027203585093/4154022002894131144020202703781 1/4118016 602213121 1/210601510198282289012901662432 1/2870136018225538401200158225Table 6. Table Pipe sizes and Max. Pressure1 psi (lb/in2) = 6,894.8 Pa (N/m2)Chemical ResistancePVC pressure pipe and fittings are inert to attack by a wide physical body of strong acids, alkalis, salt solutions, alcohols, and many other chemicals. They are dependable in corrosive applications and impart no tastes or odors to materials carried in them. They do not react with materials carried, nor act as a catalyst.StrengthPVC Schedule 40 and Schedule 80 pipe and fittings are highly difficult and durable products that have high-tensile and high-impact strength. They withstand high pressure for long time. enhance ResistancePVC pressure pipe and fittings are self-extinguishing, and do not support combustion..Internal Corrosion ResistancePVC Schedule 40 and Schedule 80 pipe and fittings resist chemical attack by most acids, alkalis, salts, and organic media such as alcohols and aliphatic hydrocarbons, within cer tain limits of temperature and pressure.External Corrosion ResistanceIndustrial fumes, humidity, salt water, weather, atmospheric, or underground conditions regardless of soil type or moisture cannot harm PVC pressure pipe and fittings. Scratches or surface abrasions do not provide points which corrosive elements can attack..Low Friction LossThe smooth intragroup surfaces of PVC Schedule 40 and Schedule 80 pipe and fittings determine low friction loss and high flow rate. Because PVC pipe and fittings do not rust, pit, scale, or corrode, the high flow rate continues for the life of the piping system.Low Thermal ConductivityPVC pressure pipe and fittings have a much lower thermal conductivity factor than metal pipe. This ensures that fluids maintain a more constant temperature. In most cases, pipe insulation is not required. 3.6.2 Joining MethodsThere are several(prenominal) techniques for the connexion the pipes and fittings.Solvent cementThreaded connectionsSolvent cementFor jo ining reply cement will be used. It is simple and reliable if procedures are followed correctly. Since variables of temperature, humidity, pipe size, time, and other conditions have a significant effect on solvent cement joints, it is important to understand the principles of each step and make adjustments for actual conditions.A wide variety of solvent cements and primers are commercially available. Selection of specific type, grade and consistency of solvent cement should take into account pipe type, size, installation conditions and chemical compatibility of cement and system fluids.For beaver results, installation should be made at temperatures between 10C and 45C.All joint components should be inspected for any breaking, chipping, gouging or other apparent damage beforeThreaded ConnectionsThreading reduces the effective wall thickness of pipe, pressure ratings of the pipe are reduced to one-half that of unthreaded pipe using solvent cement welded joints. By threading differe nt parts specially the valves can be joined.Chapter 7CALCULATIONSThe calculations for the design parameter have been done after carrying out a market survey of the components and materials available. Our aim is to achieve a delivered head of 4 meters from a fall of maximum 1.5 meters from the supply tank.The height of the supply tank has been varied to see if the desired delivery head is achieved or not. The calculations are theoretical and the situation will be different practically. The calculations only give a rough estimate of the design parameters. Trial and fault will be used to start the operation of the hydram.The pre defined parameters includeDiameter of drive pipe = 1 inch = 0.0254 mDiameter of delivery pipe = 0.5 inch = 0.0127 mDistance of waste valve poppet from the centerline of drive pipe = 0.1 mDiameter of waste water inlet = 2.5 inch = 0.0635 mDiameter of waste water outlet = 1.35 inch = 0.0345 mSchematic of Hydraulic Ram Pump setuph0Delivery TankP0(1)LHf