The New Deal Saving Liberal Democracy Politics Essay

The untested bring off Saving Liberal Democracy Politics EssayIn 1932, in the midst of the stinting depression Franklin D. Roosevelt was take Ameri mess president. He won the election with outstanding success, receiving 472 out of the possible 531 votes with the electoral College and inflicting the worst defeat since 1912 upon his Republi mass rival1. The reason for this was the enthusiastic support given by the prevalent commonwealth to his proposal of a new-fangled toi allow a highly experimental programme of legislative reforms with no defined ideology, intended at stimulating frugal recovery. Having to face a continuously worsening frugal depression, with over 13 millions unemployed, Roosevelt acted quickly, and within the head start carbon days of his presidency passed startling bursts of reform mandate2 which in effect prevented the collapse of the delivery and began to tackle some of the most pressing social problems, primarily unemployment.Though, as Conkin s tates, the parvenu script did non provide any new clarification of the dilemmas of wide democracy3, if wholeness assumes that the salad days basis for loose democracy is a prosperous society, then he is justified to claim that by preventing sparing collapse, Roosevelt thus salvage disinterested democracy in the States. For the purpose of this essay, let us ack instantaneouslyledge the encyclopedic definition of liberal democracy as a representative democracy where the ability of elected representatives to exercise decision-making power is root to the rule of law and moderated by a constitution which emphasizes the protection of the rights and freedoms of individuals and minorities ( similarly called original liberalism), and which places constraints on the extent to which the will of the majority can be exercised. Recently, the term liberal democracy came to build up a socialist, or perhaps event communist at a lower placet one in America, but since this can be inste ad classified as a misunderstanding of the term, it will be neglected.Essentially, the question posed consists of both major issues number onely, one must consider the extent to which the New patronage policies corresponded with the liberal democratic ideology, and second whether the New bang actually saved American liberal democracy. The second question necessaryly consists of several(prenominal) issues the extent to which the liberal democracy was under little terror in America, the role of the New Deal in saving it, the role of other factors, and the extent to which the New Deal was a radical innovation as opposed to organism simply a natural continuation of previous policies, in which case it could non be honored for saving liberal democracy.Effectively, the aim of the following essay is to suggest that the New Deal was non liberal democratic in its nature and that if it did support liberal democracy in America, which circumstantially was not critically scourgeened, i t did so as a by-consequence of trying to improve the sparing situation and alone from an economic, as opposed to a governmental, perspective. In addition, the importance of the Second beingness War as a contributive factor to economic recovery will be underlined.So let us reference the first question How Liberal was the New Deal itself?From a political perspective the New Deal can hardly be classified as Liberal Democratic in nature since it did not aim to promote a representative democracy where the ability of elected representatives to exercise decision-making power is subject to the rule of law and moderated by a constitution. In fact, it did the exact opposite when Roosevelt proposed the courtroom reform bill4 by which he was planning to allow for the packing of the Supreme Court and which also presumed a reduction of the Courts power. Since the Court was the principal guard against the governments violation of the constitution, it clearly went directly against the liberal democratic principles. The problem was that the Court say unconstitutional several of Roosevelt projects, and he saw it as one of the main obstacles is his way to pass legislation he was thus determined to reform it thus overcoming its opposition. The New Deal on the whole saw an expansion of the presidential functions5 and a decline of the party system, since Roosevelt considered traditional party politics an obstacle to the modernisation of American government6. Since this meant weakening the power1 Leuchtenburg p.172 dun p. 73 Auerbach p. 194 Leuchtenburg p. 2375 Ibid. p. 3276 Milkis p. 480of elected representatives of the people, in also stood in contradiction with democratic principles preferably of democratic liberalism Roosevelt was aiming at militant liberalism7.In the economy, a preferably pragmatic as opposed to ideological approach was adopted, and Roosevelt clearly diverged from the liberal Keynesian policies of creating full employment by means of public pretend schemes one of Roosevelts main convictions was the necessity to balance the budget, and thus, governmental spending was minimized8. Hence, to help cover the costs of the uphill upbeat system, taxes were increased9.So in what sense was the New Deal Liberal Democratic? The bases for the melodic line promoting much(prenominal) a view were the offbeat policies one of the basic pillars of liberal democracy since more progress was do in public welfare and relief than in the previous three hundred years10. However, this area too was not without controversy since on the one hand as Irwin Unger argues that New Deal was the immediate source of the liberal welfare state11, but on the other, C. Gardner stresses the fact that it did not solve any of the fundamental problems 12. Numerous welfare policies were introduce, namely the National Youth Asssociation which was a considerable success helping young people unwrap work13, the Home Owners Loan Corporation which protected Americans who has been hit by depression from losing their property and relief programmes much(prenominal) as the Federal Emergency Relief Administration, the Civil Works Administration and the Civilian Conservation Corps. The superlative single reform however was the Social Security act as which included unemployment compensation, old-age and survival insurance policy, public financial aid programs for dependant children and the blind14, housing projects, economic relief programs15. Though general liberal, it had several flaws national health insurance was absent and family allowances, public assistance and unemployment insurance remain ungenerous by international standards16 whilst legion(predicate) categories of workers were excluded from the Act all together17. Excluded too was the black population, which became another controversial issue, since liberalism actively promotes the protection of minorities. The NRA saw the blacks being nonrecreational less than the white, the TVA largel y avoided employing blacks and the AAA was not efficacious in protecting the interest of black sharecroppers and tenant farmers. On the whole, Roosevelt did attempt to promoted racial equality as for example by promoting blacks to secondary posts in government18 heretofore as legion(predicate) of his critics point out, he did not introduce a Civil Rights Legislation19 fearing opposition from the Confederate states, and hence solely few welfare projects, namely the NYA, benefited the black population. Similarly, the promotion of womens rights was undertaken women being included in government for the first time20, but only on a small scale.Hence, it is debatable whether the New Deal can be classified as liberal democratic, since only from a social perspective can it truly be considered such. So how could it save liberal democracy? In order to assess that, let us first identify the threats that were present.When the New Deal was first introduced, the economy was continuously dec lining the banking system was collapsing as banks were failing, demand was falling, agricultural overyield depreciated prices and droughts further undermined the income of the farmers who were struggling to pay their taxes and debt obligations, in towns unemployment rose to 15.9% in 193121 and advantage were cut, production was shrinking in most fields and workers suffered from malnutrition and destitution. In we accept that economic prosperity or at least minimal wage available to the majority of the population is a necessary extremity for Liberal Democracy, then one could easily claim that from an economic perspective the latter was increasingly under threat in America at the beginning of the 1930s, as economic plight was severe and conditions were only deteriorating. One could go as far as claiming that unless a series of effective economic reforms was introduced, the economic system would collapse bringing an end to liberal democracy the scale of the economic plight was refle cted in the general mood of despair and the belief that depression was permanent22 as well as increasingly deportation of workers and a drastic fall in birth rate.7 Ibid. p. 4868 Skocpol p. 409 Louchheim p. 15010 Leuchtenburg p. 33211 Auerbach p.1812 Auerbach p. 2013 Louchheim p. 29614 Skocpol p. 3815 Louchheim p. 26016 Skocpol p. 3717 Louchheim p. 15118 Ibid. p. 26019 Leuchtenburg p. 18620 Ibid. p. 3321 Badger p. 1822 Leuchtenburg p. 29However, surprisingly perhaps, the democratic government itself was not political threaten in any significant way. Whilst in Europe extremist parties made enormous gains in parliament and their popularity boosted up, America saw no such development and in the elections of 1932, Communists -the most extreme party prepared to dis positione liberal democracy only polled 120 000 votes23. Moreover, general mood idleness prevailed and no major protests gibe to those is Europe were seen. Farm strikes, communist demonstrations and miners strikes did occ ur24, yet did propose an preference communist political system, but rather simply expressed their grievances. In there was a threat, it came from the suggestions to strengthen the powers of the executive, radical liberal to propose despotism a dictatorial of twelve men, a supercouncil or simply a single dictator25. However, these suggestions did not bugger off violent opposition to the present democratic government. Though Hoovers government was blamed for the depression and as William Dodd put it both political parties have been bankrupted26, the American people did not seem to lose faith in democracy as a political system and when Roosevelt proposed a new proposed a new program, they support it with faith and enthusiasm. The reason why extremism did not threaten liberal democracy in America as it did in Europe was mainly due to the fact that America was founded upon the principles of liberty and freedom, and never experienced effective dictatorial rule as did most European c ountries under their monarchs.Hence, in the political sense, the New Deal cannot claim to have saved liberal democracy, since no critical threat actually existed. Ironically however, one could claim that New Deal created such a threat when in 1934 when strikes and riots began to spread27. The protests acquired a much fast(a) communist inclination and Longs Share Our Wealth organization promoting wealth redistribution attracted increasing support28 whilst on Labour solar day the textile workers carried out the largest strike ever in America. However, these threats were effectively handled by the government by make in the case of major strikes29 and the general public continued to fear Communist, which meant that no critical threat developed. Also, by adopting a more left-wing approach to the economy, the New Deal managed to undercut radical reforms30 destroying the draw of radical parties. The development of left-wing radicalism can be explained by de Tocquevilles theory that evils become intolerable when avenues of make out are opened31 when the workers were given certain privileges, they began to want more. Hence, if the New Deal is to be acclaimed for handling a political threat to Liberal Democracy, it can only be with respect to the threat it generated itself. This is further supported by the argument that the New Deal created a real threat of dictatorship on Roosevelt part, since, as pile Farley notes the presidents attempt to dominate his party indicated his thirst for personal power32 and some congress members genuinely feared his despotism33.Hence, major threat to Liberal Democracy was that of economic collapse, and it is by preventing such a development that the New Deal can claim to have saved the system. However, the issue is far more controversial, so let us now examine the economic policies of the New Deal and determine their influences.During the first hundred days, Roosevelt passed several important pieces of economic legislation first was the Emergency Banking Act. This in effect revived the collapsing banking system and induced confidence in the population that banks were now safe34, thus being a crucial development as it inspired the general population with faith that the economic depression was about to end and re-established normal monetary relations within the country. Roosevelts next move was to balance by budget by means of the Economy Act this calm down the business community of Roosevelts fiscal conservatism, and thus promoted the restoration of business relations. He then managed to counter deflation by taking America off the gold standard35, passed the National convalescence Act proposing minimal wages and uttermost working hours, established the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission to oversee the stock market and introduced the Tennessee Valley Authority which was aimed at generating both electricity for the South and employment opportunities36.23 Ibid. p. 2624 Ibid. p. 2525 Ibid. p. 3026 Ibid. p. 2727 Badger p. 30328 Leuchtenburg p. 9829 Ibid. p. 11330 Auerbach p. 2331 Auerbach p. 2432 Leuchtenburg p. 27833 Milkis p. 48334 Leuchtenburg p. 4335 Ibid. p. 5136 Ibid. p. 54Since one of the major problems caused by the depression was the plight in agriculture, the first hundred days also saw the introduction of the Agricultural appointment Act this aimed to increase crop prices37, and protect farmers from uncertainties by subsidies. Though successful in bringing congener stability and prosperity to the farming community farm income rose by 50% during Roosevelts firm term38 and homespun debt decreased the Act was a controversy due to the methods it employed. Crop destruction and the slaughtering of livestock to raise prices39 at a time when more families could not afford food, was seen by some as anti-social and overly-capitalist.In general, the first hundred days brought economic recovery, and saved the economy from collapse. However, not all projects were completely suc cessful, e.g. the National Recovery Act was violated by many enterprises, and most of the changes did not in any way for good alter the economic structure, which allowed for the same problems that caused the depression to arise later. Also, the withdrawal of capital from the economy into reserve bills may be helped to prologue the depression40. In did however induce a variety of stabilizers into the economy41 and introduced one lasting strategy the establishment of the federal government in the role of a broker and arbitrator between the diverse competing interest groups thus promoting private enterprise and completion, as well as succeeded in improving the overall working conditions42.One can claim that by saving America from collapse the first hundred days of the New Deal proved that democratic reform represented a viable alternative to totalitarianism43 thereby saving liberal democracy. However, one must keep in mind that it was economic recovery, not the saving of liberal d emocracy which was the main driving force behind the legislations.One must also consider that the success of the first hundred days was however condensed-lasting, and in 1937 the economy again plunged into street corner after a period of revival. The economic situation deteriorated to such an extent that some of the population confront starvation44 and the problems of unemployment, though reduced, presisted. This was partly due to the failure of certain policies in the long-term, which were rather successful in the short term in other words, the New Deal did not introduced any economic changes that would be far-reaching enough as to change the cyclic nature of the economy45 and thus did not prevent the natural recession of mid-1937. At this point it is vital to stress the importance of the Second adult male War for the American economy. Since the New Deal largely failed in the long term, one could easily expect that the economic problems and unemployment would persist unsolved fo r many years to come the sole reason why this did not happen was the start of the Second World War. The war forced the government to allow large expenditures and provided an impetus for economic activity, growth and recovery (for the first time unemployment figures fell to less than 2 million) ultimately, the economic demands of the war provided demand for many industries, rising their levels of production and dragging capital into the economy. Final recovery from the depression was thus only achieved during the war, and many argue that without the opportunities that it presented, the economy under the New Deal would not be able to fully recover A. L Hamby claims that had not World War II intervened the New Deal might well have been considered a failure46. However, one must not underestimate the importance of the New Deal in developing the economy to a stage where it could take effective advantage of the opportunities provided by the war. In effect, the New Deal and the Second Worl d War were two essential steps towards total recovery which could only be completely when coupled. like a shot let us briefly look at the relation between the New Deal and policies that preceded it many argue that the New Deal was a continuation of the Progressives policies from the before the First World War this argument is supported by the fact that the government included many old progressives such as Roosevelt himself, and many of the policies, namely the Social Security Act carried a great degree of resemblance to the welfare policies that were being introduced under the progressives47. However, this view by and large37 Louchheim p. 23738 Ibid p. 23739 Leuchtenburg p. 7340 Louchheim p. 15141 Hamby p. 442 Leuchtenburg p. 6943 Hamby p. 544 Leuchtenburg p. 24945 Ibid. p. 26546 Hamby p. 847 Ibid. p. 2incorrect since the Progressives were closely associated with the laissez-faire which the New Deal abandoned, and were motivated in their welfare policies by Victorian humanitarianis m48, whereas the New Deal politicians adopted their policies out of economic necessity and liberal considerations. The New Deal differed from the programs of the Hoover administration too, since it was not limited by narrow ideological sight and could embark on rather more radical policies49 which was essential if the economy was to be saved from collapse. at a time let us conclusively assess the influence of the New Deal on Liberal Democracy. The New Deal was introduced as response to an economic depression and its policies were thus targeted at solving immediate economic problems rather than saving Liberal Democracy thus the aims of the New Deal were not liberal. It was only the welfare policies introduced under the New Deal which were of a liberal nature, and even those were adopted out of necessity rather than because of ideological considerations.However, it is correct to acknowledge that the New Deal clearly saved the faith in liberal democracy by proving that a democratic go vernment can fight an economic crisis successfully it significantly revived the economy and in W. Leuchtenburgs view saved capitalism50 in America.Saving that the New Deal saved Capitalism rather than Liberal Democracy more correct also for the reason that whilst capitalism was threatened by the deteriorating economic depression, Liberal Democracy did not face any significant political threats thank to the firm democratic tradition. However, if you accept the assumption that capitalism and a prosperous economy are essential foundations for a liberal democratic society, then it is fair to claim that to a large extent the New Deal helped prevent the collapse of the liberal democratic system in America.